Mortalidade infantil por causas evitáveis em municípios de fronteira e não fronteira / Infant mortality from preventable causes in border and non-border cities

Resumo Introdução É grande o desafio de reduzir a mortalidade infantil por causas evitáveis no Brasil, dadas as desigualdades existentes no território. Objetivo Estimar a taxa de mortalidade infantil por causas evitáveis e comparar os resultados entre os municípios de fronteira e de não fronteira, no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Método Trata-se de um estudo ecológico. Foram estudados três grupos de municípios: Grupo 1 - municípios de fronteira contígua com área urbana no país vizinho; Grupo 2 - municípios de fronteira não contígua com área urbana no país vizinho; e Grupo 3 - municípios de não fronteira. Os dados foram obtidos a partir do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade e do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos. Resultados As taxas de mortalidade infantil por mil nascidos vivos, devido a causas evitáveis em 2004 e 2014, foram respectivamente: Grupo 1 (21,8/11,29), Grupo 2 (24,68/14,7) e Grupo 3 (14,3/7,23). A maior ocorrência dos óbitos ocorreu por causas relacionadas à inadequada atenção à mulher na gestação, parto, feto e ao recém-nascido. Conclusão O risco de óbito por causas evitáveis é maior nas crianças residentes nos municípios de fronteira, e isso deve ser considerado na elaboração das políticas e ações de saúde.

Abstract Introduction There is a great challenge to reduce infant mortality from preventable causes in Brazil, given the inequalities that exist in the territory. Objective To estimate the Infant Mortality Rate due to preventable causes and to compare the results between the border and non-border municipalities, in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. Method This is an ecological study. Three groups from cities were analyzed: Group 1 - contiguous cities with urban border in a neighboring country; Group 2 - non-contiguous cities with urban border in a neighboring country; e Group 3 - non-border cities. The data were obtained from Living Born Information System and Mortality Information System. Results Infant mortality rates per 1,000 live births, by preventable causes in 2004 and 2014, were respectively: Group 1 (21.8 / 11.29), Group 2 (24.68 / 14.7) and Group 3 (14.3 / 7.23). The highest occurrence of deaths happened due to causes related to inadequate care to women during pregnancy, childbirth, fetus and the newborn. Conclusion The risk of death due to preventable causes is higher in children living in border cities, and this should be considered in the elaboration of future health policies and actions.

Acupuncture in the treatment of temporomandibular muscle dysfunction / Acupuntura no tratamento da disfunção temporomandibular muscular

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Temporomandibular dysfunction consists of frequent non-dental pain in the orofacial region of multifactorial origin and interdisciplinary treatment, among them, acupuncture. The treatment of temporomandibular dysfunction acts both in muscle relaxation and pain control, trying to achieve the physical, mental, and emotional balance of the patient, thus reducing anxiety and improving the quality of life. The objective of this study was to evaluate acupuncture as a treatment for temporomandibular dysfunction. METHODS: A total of 34 volunteers screened and selected at the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, diagnosed with muscle dysfunction according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria. They were randomly divided into two equal groups: group 1 treated with occlusal plaque, massage, thermotherapy and self-care guidelines; and group 2 treated with six acupuncture sessions lasting 30 minutes each. The pain was evaluated by the visual analog scale, and an algometer to assess the muscular tension of the temporal and masseter muscles. The limitation of mouth opening was measured with the use of calipers. The Mann-Whitney test was used for the non-normal distribution (visual analog scale and tension threshold) between the two groups (G1 and G2), and the Friedman test to compare the assessment periods (beginning of the treatment, after six weeks and four months) with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: There was no difference in mouth opening, visual analog scale scores, or muscle tension threshold in relation to the type of treatment used. Both groups improved after six weeks of treatment. There was no statistical difference in the values obtained after six weeks and after four months. CONCLUSION: The statistical results showed that acupuncture increased the muscle tension threshold, improved the mouth opening and reduced pain, being as effective as the most commonly used conventional therapies.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A disfunção temporomandibular consiste em dores não dentárias frequentes na região orofacial, de origem multifatorial e de tratamento interdisciplinar. Entre esses tratamentos está a acupuntura. O tratamento da disfunção temporomandibular atua tanto no relaxamento muscular quanto no controle da dor, sistemicamente buscando o equilíbrio físico, mental e emocional do paciente, diminuindo a ansiedade e melhorando a qualidade de vida. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a acupuntura como tratamento da disfunção temporomandibular. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 34 voluntários triados e selecionados na universidade de Mato Grosso do Sul, diagnosticados com disfunção muscular pelo Research Diagnostic Criteria, e foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos iguais. O grupo 1 foi tratado com placa oclusal, massagem, termoterapia e orientações de autocuidado. O grupo 2 foi tratado com 6 sessões de acupuntura com duração de 30 minutos cada. A dor foi avaliada pela escala analógica visual e com auxílio de um algômetro para avaliar a tensão muscular dos músculos temporal e masseter. A limitação de abertura bucal foi medida com o uso do paquímetro. Para a distribuição não normal (escala analógica visual e limiar de tensão), entre os dois grupos (G1 e G2), foi utilizado o teste Mann-Whitney, e para a comparação entre os períodos de avaliação (início do tratamento, após seis semanas e 4 meses), foi utilizado o teste de Friedman, ao nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença das medidas de abertura de boca, dos escores de escala analógica visual e de limiar de tensão muscular segundo o tipo de tratamento utilizado. No entanto, em ambos os grupos houve melhora nos parâmetros avaliados após seis semanas de tratamento. Não houve diferença estatística dos valores obtidos após seis semanas e ao final do tratamento, após quatro meses. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados estatísticos mostraram que a acupuntura aumentou o limiar de tensão muscular, melhorou a abertura de boca e diminuiu a dor. Concluiu-se que a acupuntura foi tão eficiente quanto as terapias convencionais mais utilizadas.

Absenteísmo por doença dos servidores do Fórum da Justiça Estadual de Campo Grande (MS) / Sickness absence among employees of the State Court of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Introdução: A saúde dos servidores públicos tem sido um tema de suma importância no âmbito das empresas públicas. Sendo assim, a enfermagem, inserida no campo da vigilância em saúde do trabalhador, enfrenta o desafio da promoção, proteção e recuperação da saúde desse grupo. Objetivo: Identificar os principais motivos que levaram ao absenteísmo por doença dos servidores do Fórum da Justiça Estadual de Campo Grande (MS), entre 2014 e 2016. Método: Pesquisa de caráter documental e exploratória de análise quantitativa, utilizando as variáveis sexo, faixa etária, idade, cargo, unidade de trabalho, tipo de licença, Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados com a Saúde (CID) e número de dias de afastamento. Foram considerados nas análises p=0,05 e o intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: As doenças do sistema osteomuscular e do tecido conjuntivo (17,8%), os transtornos mentais e comportamentais (14,5%) e os fatores que influenciam o estado de saúde e o contato com os serviços de saúde (6,2%) foram as principais causas de afastamento. O absenteísmo por doença de 2014 a 2016 foi maior em mulheres (74,7%) com faixa etária de 41­60 (63,5%), bem como entre o cargo de analista judiciário (71,8%). Conclusões: O estudo demonstrou que as doenças osteomusculares e os transtornos mentais foram as principais causas de absenteísmo por doença no Fórum Judicial Estadual do município de Campo Grande (MS) e poderá contribuir no futuro para a tomada de decisões dos gestores para que possam melhorar as condições de trabalho dos servidores.

Background: The state of health of civil servants is a focus of much interest to public organizations. Within this context, health promotion, protection and recovery pose a challenge to nursing professionals engaged in occupational health surveillance. Objective: To identify the main reasons of sickness absence among employees of the State Court of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, in the period from 2014 through 2016. Methods: Documentary, exploratory and quantitative study in which variables of interest were sex, age, position, department, leave type, International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) codes and duration of sick leave spells. The significance level was set to p=0.05 and the corresponding 95% confidence interval. Results: Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (17.8%), mental and behavioral disorders (14.5%) and factors influencing health status and contact with health services (6.2%) were the main reasons for sickness absence. The absenteeism rate along the analyzed period was higher for women (74.7%), employees aged 41 to 60 (63.5%) and judicial analysists (71.8%). Conclusion: Musculoskeletal and mental disorders were the leading causes of sickness absence among employees of the State Court of Campo Grande. The results of the present study might help health managers improve the working conditions of this population of workers.

[Factors associated with birthweight of Terena indigenous children living in the urban area of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil]. / Fatores associados ao peso ao nascer de crianças indígenas Terena, residentes na área urbana de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil.

The study aimed to verify the association between birthweight of Terena children living in the urban area of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, and demographic, socioeconomic, and health variables and to describe the prevalence of low birthweight. Data were collective through home visits with a form completed with the mothers and based on records from the prenatal and neonatal cards. The sample included all the Terena women who gave birth to liveborn children from June 1, 2017, to July 31, 2018, and living in the Água Bonita, Darcy Ribeiro, Marçal de Souza, and Tarsila do Amaral villages. Birthweight was the outcome, and demographic, socioeconomic, and health characteristics were the exposure variables. A total of 43 mothers participated with their children. Low birthweight prevalence was 2.3%. In the final model, children living in households with makeshift cesspools showed lower birthweight when compared to those living in households connected to the public sewage disposal system, and daughters of mothers who were obese prior to the pregnancy presented higher birthweight than those born to normal weight mothers, according to pregestational body mass index. The data seek to contribute to discussions on the health and nutrition of this important share of the indigenous population that lives in urban areas.

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a associação do peso ao nascer de crianças Terena, residentes na área urbana de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, com variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e de saúde, e descrever a frequência de baixo peso ao nascer. Os dados foram coletados em visitas domiciliares com formulários aplicados às mães e baseando-se em informações contidas nas Cadernetas da Gestante e da Criança. Foram incluídas todas as mulheres Terena que tiveram filhos nascidos vivos no período de 1º de junho de 2017 a 31 de julho de 2018 e residentes nas aldeias Água Bonita, Darcy Ribeiro, Marçal de Souza e Tarsila do Amaral. O peso ao nascer foi considerado desfecho e as variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e de saúde foram consideradas exposição. Participaram do estudo 43 mães e crianças. A frequência de baixo peso ao nascer foi de 2,3%. No modelo final, as crianças que residiam em domicílios com fossa séptica ou rudimentar apresentaram peso ao nascer menor quando comparadas às que residiam em domicílios com rede coletora de esgoto; e aquelas filhas de mães obesas antes da gestação apresentaram maior peso ao nascer quando comparadas às que nasceram de mães eutróficas segundo o índice de massa corporal pré-gestacional. Os dados buscam trazer à tona discussões sobre as condições de saúde e nutrição dessa importante parcela da população indígena que vive em áreas urbanas.

El objetivo del estudio fue verificar la asociación del peso al nacer de niños Terena, residentes en el área urbana de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, con variables demográficas, socioeconómicas y de salud, así como describir la frecuencia de bajo peso al nacer. Los datos se recogieron en visitas domiciliarias con formularios aplicados a las madres, y a partir de información que contenían los Cuadernillos de la Gestante y del Niño. Se incluyeron a todas las mujeres Terena que tuvieron hijos nacidos vivos, durante el período del 1 de junio de 2017 a 31 de julio de 2018, y residentes en las aldeas Água Bonita, Darcy Ribeiro, Marçal de Souza y Tarsila do Amaral. El peso al nacer se consideró un resultado y las variables demográficas, socioeconómicas y de salud se consideraron exposición. Participaron en el estudio 43 madres y niños. La frecuencia de bajo peso al nacer fue de un 2,3%. En el modelo final, los niños que residían en domicilios con fosa séptica o rudimentaria presentaron un peso al nacer menor, cuando se comparan con los que residían en domicilios con una red de alcantarillado; y aquellos hijos de madres obesas antes de la gestación presentaron un mayor peso al nacer, cuando se comparan con los que nacieron de madres eutróficas, según el índice de masa corporal pregestacional. Los datos pretenden plantear discusiones sobre condiciones de salud y nutrición de esta importante parte de la población indígena que vive en áreas urbanas.

Sickness absence among employees of the State Court of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The state of health of civil servants is a focus of much interest to public organizations. Within this context, health promotion, protection and recovery pose a challenge to nursing professionals engaged in occupational health surveillance. OBJECTIVE: To identify the main reasons of sickness absence among employees of the State Court of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, in the period from 2014 through 2016. METHODS: Documentary, exploratory and quantitative study in which variables of interest were sex, age, position, department, leave type, International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) codes and duration of sick leave spells. The significance level was set to p=0.05 and the corresponding 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (17.8%), mental and behavioral disorders (14.5%) and factors influencing health status and contact with health services (6.2%) were the main reasons for sickness absence. The absenteeism rate along the analyzed period was higher for women (74.7%), employees aged 41 to 60 (63.5%) and judicial analysists (71.8%). CONCLUSION: Musculoskeletal and mental disorders were the leading causes of sickness absence among employees of the State Court of Campo Grande. The results of the present study might help health managers improve the working conditions of this population of workers.

INTRODUÇÃO: A saúde dos servidores públicos tem sido um tema de suma importância no âmbito das empresas públicas. Sendo assim, a enfermagem, inserida no campo da vigilância em saúde do trabalhador, enfrenta o desafio da promoção, proteção e recuperação da saúde desse grupo. OBJETIVO: Identificar os principais motivos que levaram ao absenteísmo por doença dos servidores do Fórum da Justiça Estadual de Campo Grande (MS), entre 2014 e 2016. MÉTODO: Pesquisa de caráter documental e exploratória de análise quantitativa, utilizando as variáveis sexo, faixa etária, idade, cargo, unidade de trabalho, tipo de licença, Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados com a Saúde (CID) e número de dias de afastamento. Foram considerados nas análises p=0,05 e o intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%). RESULTADOS: As doenças do sistema osteomuscular e do tecido conjuntivo (17,8%), os transtornos mentais e comportamentais (14,5%) e os fatores que influenciam o estado de saúde e o contato com os serviços de saúde (6,2%) foram as principais causas de afastamento. O absenteísmo por doença de 2014 a 2016 foi maior em mulheres (74,7%) com faixa etária de 41-60 (63,5%), bem como entre o cargo de analista judiciário (71,8%). CONCLUSÕES: O estudo demonstrou que as doenças osteomusculares e os transtornos mentais foram as principais causas de absenteísmo por doença no Fórum Judicial Estadual do município de Campo Grande (MS) e poderá contribuir no futuro para a tomada de decisões dos gestores para que possam melhorar as condições de trabalho dos servidores.

Fatores associados ao peso ao nascer de crianças indígenas Terena, residentes na área urbana de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil / Factors associated with birthweight of Terena indigenous children living in the urban area of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil / Factores asociados al peso al nacer de niños indígenas Terena, residentes en el área urbana de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil

Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a associação do peso ao nascer de crianças Terena, residentes na área urbana de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, com variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e de saúde, e descrever a frequência de baixo peso ao nascer. Os dados foram coletados em visitas domiciliares com formulários aplicados às mães e baseando-se em informações contidas nas Cadernetas da Gestante e da Criança. Foram incluídas todas as mulheres Terena que tiveram filhos nascidos vivos no período de 1º de junho de 2017 a 31 de julho de 2018 e residentes nas aldeias Água Bonita, Darcy Ribeiro, Marçal de Souza e Tarsila do Amaral. O peso ao nascer foi considerado desfecho e as variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e de saúde foram consideradas exposição. Participaram do estudo 43 mães e crianças. A frequência de baixo peso ao nascer foi de 2,3%. No modelo final, as crianças que residiam em domicílios com fossa séptica ou rudimentar apresentaram peso ao nascer menor quando comparadas às que residiam em domicílios com rede coletora de esgoto; e aquelas filhas de mães obesas antes da gestação apresentaram maior peso ao nascer quando comparadas às que nasceram de mães eutróficas segundo o índice de massa corporal pré-gestacional. Os dados buscam trazer à tona discussões sobre as condições de saúde e nutrição dessa importante parcela da população indígena que vive em áreas urbanas.

Abstract: The study aimed to verify the association between birthweight of Terena children living in the urban area of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, and demographic, socioeconomic, and health variables and to describe the prevalence of low birthweight. Data were collective through home visits with a form completed with the mothers and based on records from the prenatal and neonatal cards. The sample included all the Terena women who gave birth to liveborn children from June 1, 2017, to July 31, 2018, and living in the Água Bonita, Darcy Ribeiro, Marçal de Souza, and Tarsila do Amaral villages. Birthweight was the outcome, and demographic, socioeconomic, and health characteristics were the exposure variables. A total of 43 mothers participated with their children. Low birthweight prevalence was 2.3%. In the final model, children living in households with makeshift cesspools showed lower birthweight when compared to those living in households connected to the public sewage disposal system, and daughters of mothers who were obese prior to the pregnancy presented higher birthweight than those born to normal weight mothers, according to pregestational body mass index. The data seek to contribute to discussions on the health and nutrition of this important share of the indigenous population that lives in urban areas.

Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue verificar la asociación del peso al nacer de niños Terena, residentes en el área urbana de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, con variables demográficas, socioeconómicas y de salud, así como describir la frecuencia de bajo peso al nacer. Los datos se recogieron en visitas domiciliarias con formularios aplicados a las madres, y a partir de información que contenían los Cuadernillos de la Gestante y del Niño. Se incluyeron a todas las mujeres Terena que tuvieron hijos nacidos vivos, durante el período del 1 de junio de 2017 a 31 de julio de 2018, y residentes en las aldeas Água Bonita, Darcy Ribeiro, Marçal de Souza y Tarsila do Amaral. El peso al nacer se consideró un resultado y las variables demográficas, socioeconómicas y de salud se consideraron exposición. Participaron en el estudio 43 madres y niños. La frecuencia de bajo peso al nacer fue de un 2,3%. En el modelo final, los niños que residían en domicilios con fosa séptica o rudimentaria presentaron un peso al nacer menor, cuando se comparan con los que residían en domicilios con una red de alcantarillado; y aquellos hijos de madres obesas antes de la gestación presentaron un mayor peso al nacer, cuando se comparan con los que nacieron de madres eutróficas, según el índice de masa corporal pregestacional. Los datos pretenden plantear discusiones sobre condiciones de salud y nutrición de esta importante parte de la población indígena que vive en áreas urbanas.

Treatment of rats anal fistula with glycerin Aloe barbadensis Miller extract / Tratamento de fístula anal em ratos com extrato glicerinado de Aloe barbadensis Miller

ABSTRACT Rationale: There is a need for a low cost treatment for complex anal fistulas that can heal without causing fecal incontinence, with room for the study of herbal medicines. Objective: To evaluate the effect of the glycerin Aloe barbadensis Miller extract in the treatment of anal fistula in rats. Method: Thirty Wistar rats underwent peritoneal anesthesia with ketamine and Xylasine, followed by transfixation of the anal sphincter with a steel wire, which remained for 30 days to develop the anal fistula. After this period, the steel wire was removed and three groups with 10 animals were formed: A (control), without treatment; B (seton), in which a cotton seton was introduced; C (therapeutic seton), in which a cotton thread was introduced as a seton, and Aloe barbadensis Miller extract was daily dripped in the seton; after 30 days, the setons of groups B and C were removed, and after two weeks without a seton euthanasia and removal of specimens was conducted, and the fistula closure and the inflammatory process were analyzed. Results: Fistula persistence was observed in all animals in Group A, six in Group B and three in Group C (p = 0.015). The mean local inflammation levels were 0.9 in Group A; 0.8 in Group B, and 0 in Group C (p = 0.015). Conclusion: The use of a seton soaked in a glycerin Aloe barbadensis Miller extract was effective in the healing of anal fistulas in rats, in addition to causing less inflammatory process than the non-phytotherapeutic seton.

RESUMO Racional: Há necessidade de um tratamento de baixo custo para as fístulas anais complexas que possa curar sem causar incontinência fecal, havendo espaço para o estudo de fitoterápicos. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do extrato glicerinado de Aloe barbadensis Miller no tratamento de fístula anal em ratos. Método: Utilizou-se 30 ratos Wistar, submetidos à anestesia peritoneal com Cetamina e Xilasina, seguida de transfixação do esfíncter anal com fio de aço, que permaneceu por 30 dias para desenvolvimento da fístula anal. Após este período, o fio de aço foi removido e foram formados três grupos com 10 animais: A (controle), sem tratamento; B (sedenho), em que foi introduzido sedenho de algodão; C (sedenho terapêutico), em que foi introduzido fio de algodão como sedenho, e diariamente foi gotejado no sedenho extrato de Aloe barbadensis Miller; após 30 dias os sedentos dos Grupos B e C foram removidos, e, após duas semanas sem sedenho foi praticada a eutanásia e remoção dos espécimes, analisando-se fechamento da fístula e processo inflamatório. Resultados: Houve persistência da fístula em todos os animais do Grupo A, em seis do Grupo B e três do Grupo C (p = 0,015). As médias do grau de inflamação local foram 0,9 no Grupo A; 0,8 no Grupo B e 0 no Grupo C (p = 0,015). Conclusão: O uso de sedenho embebido em extrato glicerinado de Aloe barbadensis Miller foi efetivo na cicatrização de fístulas anais em ratos, além de ter causado menor processo inflamatório que o sedenho sem fitoterápico.

Cryptococcal meningitis epidemiology: 17 years of experience in a State of the Brazilian Pantanal.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to describe cryptococcal meningitis (CM) cases and the associated demographic, clinical, and microbiological data obtained from cities in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul in the Midwestern region of Brazil. METHODS: The data from 129 patients with laboratory-confirmed CM admitted from 1997 to 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. The molecular types of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii isolated from cerebrospinal fluid were analyzed to determine their geographic distribution. RESULTS: The patients had a mean age of 37 years and consisted mostly of men (76.7%). Most of the Cryptococcus isolates were obtained from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and included 105 (87.5%) and 5 (55.6%) isolates of C. neoformans and C. gattii complexes, respectively. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of URA5 revealed that most of the isolates were C. neoformans molecular type VNI (89.1%), whereas the molecular types VGII (7%) and VNII (3.9%) were observed less frequently. Notably, 65% of the cases with a time from symptom onset to laboratory diagnosis of more than 60 days resulted in fatalities, and sequelae were observed among the patients who survived. CONCLUSIONS: The present study documents the occurrence of neurocryptococcosis, which is mainly caused by C. neoformans VNI, in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, with probable autochthonous cases in the Brazilian Pantanal, the world's largest tropical wetland, and a biome where cryptococcosis has not yet been explored.

Non-viral microbial keratitis in adults: clinical and laboratory aspects.

This study compares patients with and without non-viral microbial keratitis in relation to sociodemographic variables, clinical aspects, and involved causative agent. Clinical aspects, etiology and therapeutic procedures were assessed in patients with and without keratitis that were diagnosed in an Eye Care Center in Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. Patients were divided into two groups: (a) cases: 64 patients with non-viral microbial keratitis diagnosed at biomicroscopy; and (b) controls: 47 patients with other eye disorders that were not keratitis. Labor activity related to agriculture, cattle raising, and contact lens use were all linked to keratitis occurrence (p<0.005). In patients with keratitis, the most common symptoms were pain and photophobia, and the most frequently used medicines were fourth-generation fluoroquinolones (34.4%), amphotericin B (31.3%), and natamycin (28.1%). Microbial keratitis evolved to corneal perforation in 15.6% of cases; transplant was indicated in 10.9% of cases. Regarding the etiology of this condition, 23 (42.2%) keratitis cases were caused by bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 12.5%), 17 (39.1%) by fungi (Fusarium spp., 14.1% and Aspergillus spp., 4.7%), and 4 (6.3%) by Acanthamoeba. Patients with keratitis present with a poorer prognosis. Rapid identification of the etiologic agent is indispensable and depends on appropriate ophthalmological collection and microbiological techniques.

Cryptococcal meningitis epidemiology: 17 years of experience in a State of the Brazilian Pantanal

Abstract INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to describe cryptococcal meningitis (CM) cases and the associated demographic, clinical, and microbiological data obtained from cities in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul in the Midwestern region of Brazil. METHODS: The data from 129 patients with laboratory-confirmed CM admitted from 1997 to 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. The molecular types of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii isolated from cerebrospinal fluid were analyzed to determine their geographic distribution. RESULTS: The patients had a mean age of 37 years and consisted mostly of men (76.7%). Most of the Cryptococcus isolates were obtained from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and included 105 (87.5%) and 5 (55.6%) isolates of C. neoformans and C. gattii complexes, respectively. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of URA5 revealed that most of the isolates were C. neoformans molecular type VNI (89.1%), whereas the molecular types VGII (7%) and VNII (3.9%) were observed less frequently. Notably, 65% of the cases with a time from symptom onset to laboratory diagnosis of more than 60 days resulted in fatalities, and sequelae were observed among the patients who survived. CONCLUSIONS: The present study documents the occurrence of neurocryptococcosis, which is mainly caused by C. neoformans VNI, in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, with probable autochthonous cases in the Brazilian Pantanal, the world's largest tropical wetland, and a biome where cryptococcosis has not yet been explored.

Leishmania infection in blood donors: A new challenge in leishmaniasis transmission?

Transfusion-transmitted leishmaniasis has been a concern in regions endemic for the disease. Whether immediate or delayed, the risks posed by this mode of transmission call for careful assessment. The purpose of this study was to detect Leishmania infection in blood donors living in an endemic area and to investigate progression to the disease in these individuals. Immunofluorescent antibody test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, leishmaniasis rapid test, and the polymerase chain reaction were applied to 430 donors in an initial evaluation. Of those donors with at least one positive test, 50 were reevaluated four years later by the same methods, as were 25 controls who had been negative on the same tests. In the first evaluation, Leishmania infection was detected in 41.4% (95% CI: 36.7-46.1) of donors (n = 430). None of the 75 reevaluated individuals had developed the disease, but retesting revealed positivity in at least one test in 36.0% (95% CI: 25.1-46.9) of donors. Of the 50 initially testing positive, 50% remained so on retesting. Of the 25 initially negative controls, two tested positive in the subsequent evaluation. The severity of the parasitosis and the risk of transfusion transmission warrant investigation of the potential inclusion of methods for Leishmania detection into blood banks for effective screening of infected donors.

Enteroparasites in Riverside Settlements in the Pantanal Wetlands Ecosystem.

BACKGROUND: Intestinal parasites are a major source of health problems in developing countries, where socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental conditions contribute in maintaining the biological cycles of various parasites and facilitating their spread. The objective of this study, conducted in Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil, was to investigate the occurrence of intestinal parasites in riverside communities in the South Pantanal wetlands and conduct educational interventions focused on health and environmental preservation. METHOD: In total, 196 stool samples were tested for parasites using the merthiolate-iodine-formaldehyde concentration (MIFC) technique and spontaneous sedimentation and educational activities were carried out. RESULTS: Enteroparasite prevalence was 72% (65.6-78.2%; 95% CI). Of the 141 positive cases, monoparasitism was found in 34.7%, biparasitism in 23%, and polyparasitism in 14.3%. Entamoeba coli was the most frequent protozoan (70.2%). Among helminths, hookworms were the most prevalent. Enteroparasitosis prevalence did not differ for sex or place of abode but proved higher in individuals older than 10 years. CONCLUSION: The high positivity rate for enteroparasites found for the communities stems from lack of sanitation and poor personal and environmental hygiene habits, indicating that effective health policies and educational interventions are needed to reduce the current risk levels.

Resolution of control and monitoring instrument of nutritional therapy in the intensive care unit of a university hospital.

INTRODUCTION: Patients in intensive care status are in nutritional threat and frequently present innutrition, therefore monitoring the nutritional offer becomes indispensable. AIM: To purpose a control and monitoring form of enteral nutritional therapy and to evaluate its resoluteness. METHODS: Observational, analytical and retrospective study performed in intensive care patients receiving an enteral diet exclusively and/or associated with the oral/parenteral route, from January to April 2015 and from January to April 2016. An enteral nutritional therapy control form was purposed and applied in 2016 and the results were compared to those of the previous year. In both of these years, five quality indicators proposed by the task force of clinical nutrition from the International Life Sciences Institute (Brazil, 2008) were applied. RESULTS: Ninety-four patients, mostly aged, were included (47 per year) in the study. There was an increase in the number of patients that presented diarrhea (p = 0.007) and hyperglycemia (p = 0.013) as well as an increase in the occurrence of these episodes among patients (p = 0.018, p = 0.032, respectively). The frequency of diarrhea, fasting of more than 24 hours and hypoglycemia did not correspond to the goal established by the indicators. Energy and protein estimations were reported, as well as their compliance with the literature. CONCLUSION: After using the form, a greater report of clinical intercurrences and information on caloric and protein estimates was observed, thus demonstrating its effectiveness with respect to data recording.

INTRODUCCIÓN: los pacientes en terapia intensiva presentan riesgo nutricional y frecuentemente se encuentran en estado de malnutrición, por lo que es fundamental la monitorización de la oferta nutricional. OBJETIVO: proponer una forma de control y seguimiento de la terapia nutricional enteral y evaluar su efectividad. MÉTODOS: estudio de observación, analítico y retrospectivo, realizado en pacientes ingresados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos que reciben dieta por vía enteral exclusiva y/o asociada a vía oral/parenteral, en el periodo de enero a abril de 2015 y de enero a abril de 2016. En 2016 se propuso y aplicó un instrumento de control y monitorización de la terapia nutricional enteral en la unidad de cuidados intensivos y los resultados fueron comparados con los del año anterior. En ambos periodos se aplicaron cinco indicadores de calidad propuestos por el grupo especial de nutrición clínica del International Life Sciences Institute, de Brasil (2008). RESULTADOS: se incluyen 94 pacientes y se estudiaron 47 en cada año, la mayoría de ellos ancianos. Hubo un aumento del número de pacientes que desarrollaron diarrea (p = 0,007) e hiperglucemia (p = 0,013) y también de la cantidad de episodios de estas complicaciones (p = 0,018 y p = 0,032, respectivamente). La frecuencia de diarrea, ayuno superior a 24h e hipoglucemia no correspondía a la meta fijada por los indicadores. Se recogieron datos del aporte energético y proteico, así como su comparación con lo publicado. CONCLUSIÓN: después de la utilización del instrumento hubo un aumento en el registro de complicaciones clínicas y la información referente a la estimación calórica y proteica, lo que demuestra su efectividad en el registro de datos para el cual fue desarrollado.

Effectiveness of a bioactive food compound in anthropometric measures of individuals with HIV/AIDS: A nonrandomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Highly Active Antiretroviral therapy (HAART) promotes anthropometric changes in lipid metabolism and glucose in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Functional foods play an important role on metabolism. Bioactive Food Compound (BFC) has shown effective results in changes arising from decompensated lipid metabolism due to the effects of HAART on HIV patients. From this perspective, the objective of this study is to evaluate anthropometric indicators and the body composition of patients undergoing HAART before and after consumption of BFC. METHODS: This is a prospective intervention with 180 individuals with HIV undergoing HAART. They formed two groups and were monitored for 3 months: the first group consisted of individuals who consumed BFC (n = 121) at the recommended daily intake of 40 g. The second group consisted of individuals who did not consume BFC (n = 59). We determined body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), conicity index (CI) and antiretroviral regimen used by the patients. RESULTS: The BMI among adults (p<0.001), the WC (p<0.001 and p<0.014 for men and women, respectively) and the CI (p = 0.001 and p<0.001 for men and women, respectively) increased at the end of the study in the group of individuals who did not consume BFC and remained stable in the BFC group. There were no changes in WHR in any of the groups evaluated. Regarding the antiretroviral regimens used, we observed that there was no difference between regimens as for BMI, WC, WHR and CI. CONCLUSIONS: The BFC consumed by HIV patients undergoing HAART allowed the maintenance of anthropometric measures without increasing the mean values of conicity index, suggesting that the consumption of this bioactive compound protects the individual against the development of metabolic syndrome (MeS) in patients infected with HIV undergoing antiretroviral therapy.

Non-viral microbial keratitis in adults: clinical and laboratory aspects

Abstract This study compares patients with and without non-viral microbial keratitis in relation to sociodemographic variables, clinical aspects, and involved causative agent. Clinical aspects, etiology and therapeutic procedures were assessed in patients with and without keratitis that were diagnosed in an Eye Care Center in Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. Patients were divided into two groups: (a) cases: 64 patients with non-viral microbial keratitis diagnosed at biomicroscopy; and (b) controls: 47 patients with other eye disorders that were not keratitis. Labor activity related to agriculture, cattle raising, and contact lens use were all linked to keratitis occurrence (p 0.005). In patients with keratitis, the most common symptoms were pain and photophobia, and the most frequently used medicines were fourth-generation fluoroquinolones (34.4%), amphotericin B (31.3%), and natamycin (28.1%). Microbial keratitis evolved to corneal perforation in 15.6% of cases; transplant was indicated in 10.9% of cases. Regarding the etiology of this condition, 23 (42.2%) keratitis cases were caused by bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 12.5%), 17 (39.1%) by fungi (Fusarium spp., 14.1% and Aspergillus spp., 4.7%), and 4 (6.3%) by Acanthamoeba. Patients with keratitis present with a poorer prognosis. Rapid identification of the etiologic agent is indispensable and depends on appropriate ophthalmological collection and microbiological techniques.

Non-viral microbial keratitis in adults: clinical and laboratory aspects

Abstract This study compares patients with and without non-viral microbial keratitis in relation to sociodemographic variables, clinical aspects, and involved causative agent. Clinical aspects, etiology and therapeutic procedures were assessed in patients with and without keratitis that were diagnosed in an Eye Care Center in Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. Patients were divided into two groups: (a) cases: 64 patients with non-viral microbial keratitis diagnosed at biomicroscopy; and (b) controls: 47 patients with other eye disorders that were not keratitis. Labor activity related to agriculture, cattle raising, and contact lens use were all linked to keratitis occurrence (p < 0.005). In patients with keratitis, the most common symptoms were pain and photophobia, and the most frequently used medicines were fourth-generation fluoroquinolones (34.4%), amphotericin B (31.3%), and natamycin (28.1%). Microbial keratitis evolved to corneal perforation in 15.6% of cases; transplant was indicated in 10.9% of cases. Regarding the etiology of this condition, 23 (42.2%) keratitis cases were caused by bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 12.5%), 17 (39.1%) by fungi (Fusarium spp., 14.1% and Aspergillus spp., 4.7%), and 4 (6.3%) by Acanthamoeba. Patients with keratitis present with a poorer prognosis. Rapid identification of the etiologic agent is indispensable and depends on appropriate ophthalmological collection and microbiological techniques.

Intestinal parasitism among waste pickers in Mato Grosso do Sul, Midwest Brazil.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of intestinal parasites in both cooperative-affiliated and independent waste pickers operating at the municipal sanitary landfill in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and associate these findings with hemoglobin, eosinophils, vitamin A and C levels and interleukin 5 and 10 (IL-5 and IL-10) production. Biological samples were collected, in addition to clinical, epidemiological, and sociodemographic data. Stool analyzes were based on sedimentation by centrifugation and on spontaneous sedimentation. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine vitamin A and C levels. ELISA was employed to quantify interleukins. Intestinal parasites were found in 29 of the 66 subjects assessed (43.9%). Endolimax nana (22.7%), Entamoeba coli (21.1%), Giardia lamblia (6.1%), Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar (4.5%), and Ascaris lumbricoides (4.5%) were the most prevalent species. Pathogenic parasites were detected in 11 individuals (16.7%). Hypovitaminoses A and C were detected in 19.6% (13/66) and 98.4% (65/66) of subjects, respectively. IL-5 and IL-10 production was observed in 21 (31.8%) and 32 (48.4%) subjects, respectively. Infection with pathogenic intestinal parasites was not a cause of vitamin A and C deficiency or IL-5 and IL-10 production among these workers.

Evaluation of epidural blockade as therapy for patients with sciatica secondary to lumbar disc herniation.

OBJECTIVE: Sciatic pain secondary to lumbar disc herniation is a complex condition that is often highly limiting. The causes of pain in disc herniation are multifactorial. Two physiopathological mechanisms are involved in discogenic pain: mechanical deformation of nerve roots and a biochemical inflammatory component resulting from contact between the intervertebral disc and neural tissue, by way of the nucleus pulposus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of epidural blockade as therapy for bulging lumbar disc herniation. METHODS: A clinical study was conducted based on a retrospective and prospective survey. The blockade consisted of interlaminar puncture and bolus drug delivery. The number of procedures varied according to the clinical response, as determined through weekly evaluations and then 30, 90, and 180 days after the final session. A total of 124 patients who received one to five blockades were evaluated. RESULTS: The success rate (defining success as a reduction in sciatic pain of at least 80%) was 75.8%. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated the therapeutic action of epidural blockade over the short term, i.e. in cases of acute pain, thus showing that intense and excruciating sciatic pain can be relieved through this technique. Because of the multifactorial genesis of sciatica and the difficulties encountered by healthcare professionals in treating this condition, epidural blockade can become part of therapeutic arsenal available. This procedure is situated between conservative treatment with an eminently clinical focus and surgical approaches.

OBJETIVO: A dor ciática secundária a hérnia discal lombar é condição complexa e, muitas vezes, intensamente limitante. As causas de dor na herniação discal são multifatoriais. Na dor discogênica há envolvimento de dois mecanismos fisiopatológicos: a deformação mecânica das raízes nervosas e o componente bioquímico inflamatório, que resulta do contato do disco intervertebral, através do núcleo pulposo, com o tecido neural. O objetivo desta investigação foi verificar a eficácia e a segurança do bloqueio epidural como terapêutica em hérnias discais lombares protrusas. MÉTODOS: Empreendeu-se um ensaio clínico com base em levantamento retrospectivo e prospectivo. O bloqueio foi feito por punção interlaminar com administração de fármacos em bolo. O número de procedimentos variou conforme a evolução clínica, com avaliações semanais e, finalmente, aos 30, 90 e 180 dias da última sessão. Foram avaliados 124 pacientes, que receberam de um a cinco bloqueios. RESULTADOS: A taxa de sucesso (considerado como redução de no mínimo 80% na dor ciática) foi de 75,8%. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados revelaram a ação terapêutica do bloqueio epidural em curto prazo ­ ou seja, na dor aguda ­ e demonstraram que a dor ciática intensa e excruciante pode ser aliviada com essa técnica. A gênese multifatorial da ciatalgia e as dificuldades encontradas pelos profissionais em seu tratamento permitem que o bloqueio epidural integre o arsenal terapêutico disponível. O procedimento insere-se entre o tratamento conservador, eminentemente clínico, e o cirúrgico.

Evaluation of epidural blockade as therapy for patients with sciatica secondary to lumbar disc herniation / Avaliação do bloqueio epidural como terapêutica em pacientes com ciatalgia secundária a herniação discal lombar

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: Sciatic pain secondary to lumbar disc herniation is a complex condition that is often highly limiting. The causes of pain in disc herniation are multifactorial. Two physiopathological mechanisms are involved in discogenic pain: mechanical deformation of nerve roots and a biochemical inflammatory component resulting from contact between the intervertebral disc and neural tissue, by way of the nucleus pulposus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of epidural blockade as therapy for bulging lumbar disc herniation. METHODS: A clinical study was conducted based on a retrospective and prospective survey. The blockade consisted of interlaminar puncture and bolus drug delivery. The number of procedures varied according to the clinical response, as determined through weekly evaluations and then 30, 90, and 180 days after the final session. A total of 124 patients who received one to five blockades were evaluated. RESULTS: The success rate (defining success as a reduction in sciatic pain of at least 80%) was 75.8%. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated the therapeutic action of epidural blockade over the short term, i.e. in cases of acute pain, thus showing that intense and excruciating sciatic pain can be relieved through this technique. Because of the multifactorial genesis of sciatica and the difficulties encountered by healthcare professionals in treating this condition, epidural blockade can become part of therapeutic arsenal available. This procedure is situated between conservative treatment with an eminently clinical focus and surgical approaches.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: A dor ciática secundária a hérnia discal lombar é condição complexa e, muitas vezes, intensamente limitante. As causas de dor na herniação discal são multifatoriais. Na dor discogênica há envolvimento de dois mecanismos fisiopatológicos: a deformação mecânica das raízes nervosas e o componente bioquímico inflamatório, que resulta do contato do disco intervertebral, através do núcleo pulposo, com o tecido neural. O objetivo desta investigação foi verificar a eficácia e a segurança do bloqueio epidural como terapêutica em hérnias discais lombares protrusas. MÉTODOS: Empreendeu-se um ensaio clínico com base em levantamento retrospectivo e prospectivo. O bloqueio foi feito por punção interlaminar com administração de fármacos em bolo. O número de procedimentos variou conforme a evolução clínica, com avaliações semanais e, finalmente, aos 30, 90 e 180 dias da última sessão. Foram avaliados 124 pacientes, que receberam de um a cinco bloqueios. RESULTADOS: A taxa de sucesso (considerado como redução de no mínimo 80% na dor ciática) foi de 75,8%. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados revelaram a ação terapêutica do bloqueio epidural em curto prazo - ou seja, na dor aguda - e demonstraram que a dor ciática intensa e excruciante pode ser aliviada com essa técnica. A gênese multifatorial da ciatalgia e as dificuldades encontradas pelos profissionais em seu tratamento permitem que o bloqueio epidural integre o arsenal terapêutico disponível. O procedimento insere-se entre o tratamento conservador, eminentemente clínico, e o cirúrgico.

Antissaliva Antibodies of Lutzomyia Longipalpis in area of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

The aim of the present study was to assess the presence of antissaliva antibodies of Lutzomyia longipalpis in human hosts living in area of visceral leishmaniasis, located in the Center-West region of Brazil. The presence of antissaliva antibodies of L. longipalpis exhibited a strong correlation with the protection and development of antibodies against Leishmania sp. Of the 492 children studied, elevated antissaliva antibodies of L. longipalpis were detected in 38.4% of the participants. There was a higher percentage of positivity (64.7%) among children who exhibited anti-Leishmania sp. antibodies and among those who were positive in the delayed hypersensitivity test (34.8%).